Trusting judges is not uniquely American. You'll find similar processes on the continent across the channel. The hurdles of who can sue and under which circumstances may differ. The appointment of judges is often less politicized. I think the UK is the unique case here and I believe that's because by and large there isn't a written constitution, at the very least not in the same way as in the US or France or Poland. Supreme courts are there as a check on whether or not laws conform to constitutional values and have the power to overrule a legislature when it passes laws that don't. It's not an "upper hand" deal, it's checks and balances.
The American legal system is not great. I don't know the details of the case you mentioned. One bad decision doesn't mean the whole system needs to be abolished. If that were so I'd like to have a word with the UK's highest court on what constitutes a woman.
I think the telephone sort of fits. It's attributed to Bell but that's mainly because he wiggled his way into a US patent before his competition. The telephone has many fathers though: Bourseul, Manzetti, Reis - just to name three. The latter is also the father of the word telephone but died before it took off. There were many engineers tinkering so if Bell hadn't taken the crown, another person would have done it.
Bonus answer: penicillin. Alexander Flemming. A lucky, accidental discovery. If mold hadn't gotten sloppily into his cultures we might all have died of the plague or something nice like that.