Arabic only has three vowels (each can be long or short) but the Turkic languages have many more vowels so the Arabic script couldn't represent the vowels properly. The Mongolian script also has issues with silent letters and spells words like how they sounded several centuries ago. The USSR also changed the spelling of Russian words and removed some letters from the Russian alphabet so words would be spelled how they sound.
Here's a Soviet book about the history of the Arab countries from the beginning of Ottoman rule in the 1500s to 1918.