I'm running Android 17 on my Pixel 8, and Termux runs just fine; apt packages included.
Aside from having to go through the Advanced Flow to run unverified APKs, I'll honestly be surprised if this changes when the app verification restrictions roll out, since going through the Advanced Flow gives you the option of installing unverified APKs indefinitely.
Now, if Google raises the minimum SDK version apps can use so that Termux can't run, that will be an issue...