Yes.
EDIT:
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/haptodysphoria
Noun
haptodysphoria (uncountable)
- An odd, disagreeable sensation felt by certain people when handling peaches, velvet or other fuzzy surfaces.
Well, peaches don't bother me at all, and I can't think of any other fuzzy surface that does. But I don't like the feel of velvet at all.
And while I haven't touched it recently
maybe partly because I avoid it
I'm pretty sure that, like OP, it bothered me more when I was younger.
EDIT2: I don't experience anything like it being in my teeth, as OP does, just find it distinctly unpleasant. I remember looking at portraits of women wearing velvet dresses and thinking that they had to be outright masochists to have their entire body draped in the stuff.
I also can't think of any other fabric that I have a similar dislike for. I don't much like scratchy wool, but finer wool is fine, and even with rough wool, it's not the same sensation at all.
EDIT3:
Now I'm just imagining what this this would have to feel like:
https://lemmy.today/pictrs/image/62721fdc-78a9-487c-bebc-50b9270adbbc.jpeg
Gahhhh.
EDIT4: Further discussion in the thread and reflection later, it's not just velvet. Suede also does it (not as strongly, I guess), and new microfiber blankets can cause a limited degree of the same sensation for me. And it's associated with movement against the fabric.